MOD-ih-kuhm
Even a modicum of kindness can brighten someone’s day.
Fun Fact
“Modicum” originates from Latin, meaning “a small measure.” The word is often used sarcastically—if someone says, “He showed a modicum of patience,” they probably mean barely any. Even in law, a modicum of evidence can sometimes be enough to change the course of a trial.
TOH-dee
(noun/verb) A person who behaves obsequiously toward someone powerful in order to gain advantage; to act in such a fawning or sycophantic way.
Everyone in the office could see that Marcus was a toady, laughing loudest at the boss’s jokes and volunteering for every task she mentioned within earshot.
A shortened form of toad-eater — a term from 17th and 18th century traveling medicine shows. Charlatans selling supposed miracle cures would employ an assistant whose job was to publicly swallow — or pretend to swallow — a toad, which was widely believed to be poisonous. The “doctor” would then dramatically cure the assistant with his elixir, demonstrating its power to the crowd. The toad-eater’s willingness to perform this degrading act for his employer’s benefit became a vivid metaphor for servile flattery, eventually shortening to toady by the early 19th century.
Fun Fact
The psychology of toadying has been studied seriously under the clinical term ingratiation — a set of influence tactics people use to make themselves more likable to those in power. Researcher Edward Jones identified four main ingratiation strategies in his landmark 1964 work: flattery, opinion conformity, self-presentation, and doing favors. What’s most interesting is his finding that toadies are often acutely aware of their own behavior and feel genuine discomfort about it — but continue anyway because the strategy works. Studies consistently show that people who flatter their superiors receive better performance reviews, higher salaries, and more promotions, even when the flattery is transparently insincere.